mTOR: A Scientific Breakthrough in Muscle Protein Synthesis

Scientists investigating the relationship of proteins to hypertrophy (cell growth) discovered that protein synthesis is controlled by a series of phosphorylation events orchestrated by a protein called “mammalian target of rapamycin”, or "mTOR" for short.

Their research shows at mTOR is the master-controller of protein synthesis in the cell and that there's a direct relationship between muscle growth and mTOR activation. The research also proves that because of its effects, mTOR is arguably the most important cell signalling complex for muscle growth.

More mTOR Activation Means More Muscle

Scientists found that the more the mTOR pathway is activate, the more protein synthesis occurs. mTOR integrates cellular information regarding intracellular nutrient status and energy and oxidative stress levels. A direct relationship between mTOR and muscle tension induced by resistance exercise has been established. Research proves that more tension a muscle is put under, the greater the mTOR activation and therefore greater increases of protein synthesis.

What this proves is that when the mTOR pathway deems that energy levels are high and the muscle cells are stressed (by the tension generated from resistance exercise) , it activates in order to help the cells heal and rebuild in a stronger manner.

There are three exercise based factors that are direct activators of the mTOR pathway to protein synthesis. The three exercise factors are the load you are lifting, the amount of muscle tension you experience and the amount of time your muscle spend under tension.

Other than the exercise-based activators of the mTOR pathway, there are two other direct activators. They are the availability of “Growth Factors” such as IGF-1, Growth Hormone (GH) and Insulin as well as the availability of Amino Acids particularly Leucine.

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